定语从句的后置翻译法讲解

定语从句的后置翻译法讲解

  定语从句是指一类由关系词引导的从句,因为这类从句的句法功能多是做定语,所以曾被称为定语从句,这类从句除了可以做定语之外,还可以充当状语等其他成分,所以现代语言学多使用“关系从句”这一术语。以下是小编整理的定语从句的后置翻译法讲解,一起来看看吧。

  一、初识后置译法

  英语中很多定语从句都是为了连接两个具有共同名词的句子而存在的,因此在翻译时最好分为两个分句。而对于起限定作用的定语从句,如果结构较为复杂,句子太长,无法译成前置定语,最好就是译成一个后置的并列分句,这样会更合乎汉语的习惯。

  

  Our war against terror is a contest of will in which perseverance is power.

  我们的反恐战争是一场意志力的较量。在这场较量中,不屈不挠的精神就是力量。

  I propose to offer a theory which , as far as I am aware , has not previously been set forth , that only those animals capable of speech are capable of laughter , and that therefore man, being the only animal that speaks , is the only animal that laughs.

  我试图提出一种理论,这种理论就我所知,还未曾有人提出过,那就是:只有能说话的动物才会笑。人是唯一能说话的.动物,所以也是唯一会笑的动物。

  二、后置翻译的方法

  1.后置译法一

  结构较为复杂的定语从句,经常翻译为后置的并列分句,在多数情况下要重点的翻译先行词,当句子不长时,出于某种原因需要强调先行词时,也需要重译先行词。

  

  Two factors are particularly important in the history of inventions .One is the part played by inspiration , which can be far more vital than that of careful research.

  在发明史上有两个因素特别重要。其一是灵感的作用,这可能比苦心钻研的作用要重要的多。

  Days and nights are very long on the moon , where one day is as long as two weeks on the earth.

  在月亮上,白天和黑天都相当长,月亮上的一天等于地球上的两周。

  2.后置译法二

  有些定语从句汉译时翻译成后置成分,但不可重译先行词,译文仍然符合汉语习惯。

  I was contemptuously dismissed as a novice who had not read the great first volume of Marx’s Capital.

  他们轻蔑地说我是个新手,连马克思的《资本论》第一卷这部重要著作也没读过。

  Both picnics and barbeques are friendly , informal social events that offer an opportunity to enjoy a meal outside in pleasant surroundings.

  野餐和烧烤都是友情洋溢、不拘礼节的社交活动,可以让大家在户外一个怡情的环境里高高兴兴地美餐一顿。

  

  所谓复杂的定语从句,是指一个句子带有两个或两个以上定语从句的结构。这类定语从句在结构上与先行词的关系比较复杂,有如下几种形式:

  1.自由式定语从句

  自由式定语从句是指一个句子中两个或两个以上不同成分带定语从句的情况。这种从句的先行词没有固定模式,在句中充当不同的句子成分,故该结构中的定语从句称为自由式定语从句。它们拆开来看,其实就是一个一个简单的定语从句,因此,其翻译也和简单的定语从句相同。

  如:

  Thus the Arab Umayyed dynasty of caliphs, which had moved the capital from Medine to Damascus in 661, came to be regarded with much justification as a parasitic clique that had outlived its usefulness once the conquests were completed.

  人们开始理由充分地认为,阿拉伯伍麦叶里发王朝是征服战争完成后毫无作用的一个寄生集团;伍麦叶王朝曾于661年从麦地那迁都大马士革。

  该句中由which和that 引出两个定语从句,分别修饰做主语用的the Arab Umayyed dynasty of caliphs 和作宾语用的 a parasitic clique,翻译时一个被译成并列句,一个被译成定语。

  2.嵌套式定语从句

  嵌套式定语从句是指一个句子中定语从句套定语从句的情况。这种结构中的定语从句其实和自由式定语从句基本相似,拆开来也是一个独立的定语从句,只不过一个定语从句在另一个定语从句之中而已。因此,其翻译也与简单的定语从句相同。这里也仅举一例加以说明:

  一主二仆式定语从句是指一个先行词带有两个或两个以上定语从句的情况。该结构中的定语从句比较规范,均修饰一个先行词,在翻译时,虽然也遵循一般定语从句的翻译技巧和方法,但还有其独特的地方。归纳起来,有如下几种情况:

  1)译成定语 可以把两个定语从句译成并列的定语,也可译成分开的定语修饰先地词,或分别修饰重复的先行词。

  and the old ways of earning a living rivalled by new agricultural techniques, by commerce with hitherto unknown parts of the globe, and by new crafts with strane machines that saved labor and that ran without the traditional human or animal power

  古老的谋生之道正受到新的农业技术、新的贸易、新的行业的挑战;这种新贸易是与世界上一向无人知晓的地区进行的贸易,而种种新行业则是使用一些无需传统的人力畜力驱动、可节省劳动力的奇特机遇。(并列的定语)

  Almost everything which really matters and which the world possessed at the commencement of the modern age was already known to man at the dawn of history.

  近代史开始时,世界拥有的每一项重大成就,已为历史发端期的人们所知晓。(分开的定语)

  And it helps to explain why so many inventions that were of Chinese origin or that had been known to the Greco-Romans, were fully developed and exploited ony by the Western Europeans.

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