英语派生词的构成

　　派生词是英语主要的构词法之一。此方法是借前缀或后缀之助，制造出派生词，主要有名词、形容词和动词三种。下面小编向大家介绍英语的派生词，希望对你有用！

　　英语中的派生词的构成主要有三种：合成(由两个或两个以上的单词合成的单词);派生(指一个词根加上前缀或后缀构成的单词);转化(一种词性转化成另一种或几种词性的单词)。

　　一、前缀：通常变词意，不变词性

　　1. dis- 表示意义相反，主要用在动词之前，间或用于名词或形容词前。如：

　　appear (v.出现) → disappear (v.消失),

　　dislike不喜 discover发现

　　disobey不遵从 disbelieve 不相信

　　dishonest不诚实的 disadvantage (n.) 不利条件，缺点

　　2. in-, im-, un-, il-, ir-用在形容词前，表示否定意义。如：

　　indirectin correctin active impossible unableunhealthy unsuccessful uncommon unpleasant unfortunate irregular illegal invisible

　　3. re- 表示“重新，再”， 用在动词前。

　　rebuild 重新建造recycle再循环 reconsider 重新考虑 review 复习

　　二、后缀：通常变词性，不变词意。

　　I.形容词后缀

　　1. -able (n./v.→adj.)表示“可以……的.;显示……性质”。 如：

　　respectable acceptable comfortable valuable fashionable loveable

　　2. -ful (n./v.→adj.) 表示“充满……的”。 如：

　　beautiful successful wonderful mouthful 满嘴的 shameful 可耻的 hopeful 充满希望的

　　3. -less (n.→adj.) 表示“没有……的”。如：英语中的派生词

　　jobless 无业的 cordless 无线的 homeless helpless 无助的

　　4. -ous (n.→adj.)表示“具有……性质的”。 如：

　　nervous famous dangerous poisonous mountainous humorous

　　5. -y (n.→adj.)

　　funny 滑稽的sunny 阳光明媚的cloudy 多云的 wealthy 富有的

　　6. -ly (adj.→adv. / n.→adj.)

　　nervouslynoisily finally quietly lovely friendly fatherly 父亲般的 manly 有男子气概的 yearly 每年的

　　7. 其它形式：-ish, -ic, -ical, -ive, -al (n.→adj.)

　　accidental foolish basicmedical scientific expensive selfish personal educational political progressive

　　II.名词后缀

　　1. -er 表示人或物。 如：

　　speaker passenger fire fire-fighterowner

　　2. -or (v.→n.)表示人，置于动词之后。

　　competitor 竞争者 director 董事editor 编辑 operator 接线员

　　3. -ist表示“从事……者”。 如：

　　chemist 化学家journalist 记者typist 打字员 scientist 科学家

　　4. -ness (adj.→n.)表示性质，状态。

　　business darkness weakness www.yingyuyufa.com

　　5. -ment (v.→n.) 表示方式，结果，状态。

　　agreement disappointment announcement treatment employment encouragement

　　6. -dom 表示状况，领域。 如：

　　freedom wisdomkingdom

　　7. 其它形式：-th，-ty，-ence (ance)

　　death length width truth honesty difficulty ability poverty importance performance silence difference

　　III.动词后缀

　　1. -fy (n./adj.→v.) 表示“使成为，使……进入状态”。 如：

　　beautifyhorrify specify purify

　　2. -is(z)e (adj./n.→v.)表示“使成为，使……化”。如：

　　memorize apologize realize modernize

　　3. -en表示“使……”，置于形容词或名词之后，也可以置于形容词之前作前缀。如：

　　widen 拓宽blacken 染黑enlarge 扩大enrich 使丰富 encourage 鼓励

　　拓展：常见的短语搭配

　　1 WITH

　　(1)v+with

　　(a) v+with

　　begin, mix, agree, deal, fight, meet, play, quarrel, do, fool, reason, correspond, comply, settle,

　　(b) v + sth (sb) + with + sth (sb)

　　compare, provide, supply, feed, replace, combine, equip, furnish,

　　(2)adj+with

　　angry, strict, pleased, busy, covered, satisfied, filled, wrong, wild, crowded, connected, popular, covered, patient, annoyed, acquainted, delighted, confronted, content, friendly, identical, frank, concerned, bored, afflicted, associated, blended, burdened, comparable, consistent, disappointed, displeased, endowed, enraged, exhausted, familiar, gifted, impatient, infested, intimate, irritated, level, moved, occupied, overcome, popular, satisfied, vexed

　　(3) n+with

　　acquaintance, alliance, trouble, talk, chat, connection, consultation, conversation, sympathy,

　　2 AT

　　(1)v+at

　　aim, point, snatch, wonder, strike, work, look, glance, laugh, run, catch, shoot, stare, glare, thrust, smile, call, fire, tear, knock, winder, arrive, come, gasp,

　　(2)adj+at

　　amused, delighted, angry, good, surprised, astonished, pleased, terrified, clever, alarmed, astonished, clumsy, disgusted, impatient, quick, startled, surprised,

　　(3)n+at

　　knock, pull, look, glance, smile, game, astonishment, surprise, alarm,

　　3 IN

　　(1)v+in

　　get, lie, turn, draw, believe, share, take, drop, give, call, hand, succeed, bring, result, trade, involve, check, count, cut, indulge, pour, participate, intervene, fill,join, confide, trust, believe, persist, consist,

　　(b) V+sb(sth)+in

　　help, spend

　　(2)adj+in

　　rich, interested, active, disappointed, engaged, busy, weak, expert, successful, absorbed, skilled, concerned, experienced, confident, employed,accurate, clothed, diligent, negligent, proficient, prompt, versed,

　　(3)n+in

　　interest, progress, satisfaction, faith, belief, confidence, response, pride, perseverance, harm, difficulty,pleasure, confidence, delight,

　　4 FROM(1)V+from

　　(a) V + from

　　learn, die, come, suffer, hear, fall, rise, hang, escape, date, depart, result, descend, refrain, abstain, differ, distinguish, derive, expel, conceal, judge

　　(b) V + sth ( sb) +from + sth ( sb or a place)

　　borrow, protect, receive, separate, keep, stop, prevent,deter, choose, remove, save, dissuade, excuse, restrain

　　(2)adj+from

　　different, far, tired, made, separate, absent, distinct, hidden, made,

　　(3)n+from

　　letter, visitor,absence, difference, protection, relief, rescue,

　　5 OF(1)V+of

　　(a) V+of

　　consist, dream, hear, tell, think, know, talk, die, speak

　　(b) V+sb+of+sth

　　rob, warn, inform, remind, accuse, cheat, convince, relieve, deprive,

　　(c) V+sth+of+sb

　　ask, beg, demand, require,

　　(2)adj+of

　　aware, careful, free, short, sure, certain, worthy, afraid, hopeful, proud, full, tired, made, capable, impatient, considerate, characteristic, guilty, capable, composed, jealous, ashamed, envious, ignorant, apprehensive, bare, cautious, clear, composed, conscious, descriptive, exclusive, forgetful, fond, hard, incapable, informed, innocent, made, mindful, neglectful, observant, possessed, productive, regardless, rid, sensible, sick, susceptible, weary

　　(3) n+of

　　quality, number, sample, choice, impression, neglect, attack, care, consideration, pleasure, doubt, way equivalence, possibility, example,

　　6 ON(1)v+on

　　(a) v+on

　　act, lean, live, work, depend, look, wait, turn, switch, pull, have, keep, call, put, push, speak, insist, push, collaborate, count, frown, reckon, speculate, figure, carry,

　　(b) V+sb(sth)+ON+sb(sth)

　　congratulate, spend, base, fix

　　(2)adj+on

　　hard, keen, dependent, based, impressed,

　　(3)n+on

　　book, discussion, lecture, advice, opinion, impression, attack, dependence, judgment, pity, mercy, authority

　　7 TO(1)v+to

　　(a) v+to

　　listen, stick, refer, turn, point, reply, occur, attend, see, lead, happen, come, get, write, hold, agree, belong, adapt, attribute, object, subscribe, adjust, accede, yield, resort, relate, respond, testify, succumb,

　　(b) v+to+sb

　　announce, describe, explain, express, mention, report, say, shout, suggest, whisper, speak, talk, nod,

　　(c) v+sth(sb)+sth(sb)

　　devote, compare, add, introduce, invite, leave, join, reduce, sentence, carry, take,

　　(2)adj+to

　　equal, opposed, true, familiar, close, near, kind, harmful, polite, rude, similar, useful, m

　　(3)n+to

　　key, answer, visitor, end, way, solution, traitor, attention, exception, gratitude, approach

　　8 FOR(1)v+for

　　(a)v+for

　　account, beg, hope, send, look, ask, long, pay, wish, wait, leave, fight, plan, prepare, care, stand, search, answer, run, call, bargain, inquire, press, apply, provide, apologize,grieve

　　(b)v+sb+for+sth

　　ask, blame, forgive, pardon, pay, praise, punish, reward, thank, excuse,

　　(2)adj+for

　　eager, bad, good, famous, fit, suitable, ready, sorry, grateful, useful, late, responsible, proper, crucial, competent, eligible, noted, renowned, appropriate, notorious, convenient, possible, profitable, liable, necessary,anxious, bound, eligible, impatient, liable, sufficient, uncared, unfit, zealous,

　　(3)n+for

　　plan, need, reason, explanation, ability, affection, excuse, ambition, anxiety, reputation, consideration, necessity, talent, sympathy, cause, pretext,qualification

　　9 ABOUT

　　(1)v+about

　　quarrel, agree, consult, complain, speak, bring, think, set, care, fumble, fuss, leave, move, lie, hear,speculate, inquire,

　　(2)adj+about

　　happy, anxious, nervous, cautious, careful, certain, excited, particular, pleased, concerned, enthusiastic,uneasy, troubled

　　(3)n+on

　　concern, anxiety, opinion, question