论翻译实践与技巧
什么是翻译?简单地说,翻译就是翻译意思(Translating means translating meanings)。翻译是人类交流思想过程中沟通不同语言的桥梁,使通晓不同语言的人能通过原文的重新表达而进行思想交流。翻译是把一种语言(即原语)的信息用另一种语言(即译语)表达出来,使译文读者能得到原作者所表达的思想,得到与原文读者大致相同的感受。
一、翻译的原则
(一)对等性(equivalence)
如,“拉” 和“pull”是对等词
拉门 pull the door
(二)相似性(similarity)
Sorry,your book is out.
很抱歉,你要借的书借出去了。
(三)传意性(meaning transference)
This is a very good price.
这真是太便宜了。
(四)可接受性(acceptability)
Listening to classical music is my cup of tea.
古典音乐我最爱听。
二、常见的翻译技巧
(一)改变词类(conversion)
1. Arrogance and complacence turned out to be his ruin.
骄傲自满最终毁了他。
2. In some cases,deserts are the creation of destruction of virgin forest.
沙漠有时是人类毁坏原始森林造成的。
(二)语序调整(inversion)
1. The development of the early idea of fixed orbits by introducing the water nature of an electron has made it much more difficult to build up pictures or models.
早期的固定轨道概念引入了电子的波动性之后,描绘图象或制作模型的难度加大。
2. Ours is a profession which traditionally was been guided by a percept that transcends the virtue of uttering the truth for truth’s sake,and,that is as far as possible do no harm.
我们在职业传统上遵守一个信条,那就是尽可能不造成伤害,这一信条胜过为讲真话而讲真话的美德。
(三)语态变换(the change of the voices)
1. Solutions to these problems cannot be achieved by any nation or region on its own.
这些问题靠任何一个国家和地区自己是不能解决的。
2. The incorrectly looped string had thrown the toy off balance.
因为线圈绕错了,所以玩具失去了平衡。
(四)分译(division)
1. The cook turned pale,and asked the housemaid to shut the door,who asked Brittle,who asked the tinker,who pretended not to hear.
厨子的脸色发白,要使唤丫头把门关上,丫头叫布立特尔去,布立特尔叫补锅匠去,补锅匠却装作没听见。
2. In the late summer of that year we lived in a house in a village that looked across the river and plains to the mountains.
那年晚夏,我们住在乡下一间小房子里。从我们那座房子,看得见隔河的平原,平原和山连在一起。
(五)重复(repetition)
1. The use of atomic weapons is a clear violation of international law―in particular of the Geneva Convention.
使用原子武器显然违反国际法,特别违反日内瓦公约。
2. In the 26 years since,Star Wars has changed the way movies are watched,shown,seen and made.
在之后的26年当中,《 星球大战》改变了人们制作电影、放电影、和看电影的方式。
(六)增词(amplification)
1. Histories make men wise;poets witty;the mathematics subtle;natural philosophy deep;moral grave;logic and rhetoric able to contend. 读史使人明智,读诗使人灵秀,数学使人周密,科学使人深刻,伦理使人庄重,逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。
2. Henry Kissinger had slept there before,in July and again in October.
在此之前,基辛格在7月和10 月两度在那里下榻。
(七)省略(omission)
1. If winter comes,can spring be far behind?.
冬天来了,春天还会久远吗?
2. One must make painstaking efforts before one can succeed in mastering a foreign language.
要掌握一门外语非下苦工夫不可。
(八)反译(negation)
1. Lose weight safely and forever.
安全减肥,永不反弹。
2. She was refused admittance by them.
他们不许她进去。
(九)典故的翻译
1. That joke you told us is as old as Adam,but I still think it is funny.
你给我们讲的那个笑话简直老掉了牙,不过我认为还是很有趣的。
2. Lazarus-like,the Mideast peace process always seems to find a way of rising from the grave.
中东和平进程,就像拉撒路一样,似乎总有办法起死回生。
(十)影视片名的翻译
1. Ghost《幽灵》/《鬼魂》――《人鬼情未了》
2. Pretty woman 《漂亮女人》――《风月俏佳人》
3. Blood and Sand《血与沙》―― 《碧血黄沙》
4. Bodyguard 《保镖》――《护花倾情》
总之,翻译时,以前提倡要遵循信(faithfulness)、达(expressiveness)、雅(elegance)的标准,现在更多地主张要忠实(faithfulness)、通顺(smoothness)就好。事实上是旧瓶装新酒。有些句子可以简单地直译(literal translation),但有时候就不得不意译。
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